By selecting the Appliance model or , number of Appliances 1 primary and up to 5 replicas , RSA Authentication Manager license type, maintenance package and number and type of authenticators, the RSA SecurID Appliance can be easily ordered to meet the security needs of virtually any organization.
All of these credentials are centrally managed from a common interface. The built-in web server and web-based graphical user interface provide access to the straightforward set-up and management console from any web browser.
In addition to the primary set-up, common tasks that can be managed via the web interface include adding users and assigning authenticators, installing and configuring agents, viewing the activity monitor, and specifying the location of backup files. The RSA SecurID Appliance is interoperable with many of the major network infrastructure and operating system products on the market - including more than products from over vendors - providing an organization with maximum flexibility and investment protection.
Leading vendors of remote access products, VPNs, firewalls, wireless network devices, web servers and business applications have built-in support for the RSA SecurID solution. Right from the start, the customer acquisition process for the Appliance is convenient and less expensive due to the integration and certification of the Appliance hardware, sole-purpose Linux operating system and RSA Authentication Manager software.
In addition, on-going support and maintenance is less expensive due to a single patch management and a single vendor point of service for both the hardware and software components. RSA SecurID Access protects more than cloud-based and on-premises applications with out-of-the-box certified interoperability. It ensures security is continuously enforced and that users always have appropriate access. RSA SecurID Access ensures users are who they say they are by examining a range of contextual factors and correlating them in hundreds of ways.
It then makes a dynamic, real-time decision to either allow convenient and secure access or require additional step-up authentication. Speed user access to applications with a frictionless user experience, enabling the business to get more done. Efficiently configure access requirements and automate access decisions based on risks associated with the areas users operate in, their physical location, application sensitivity, session and network information, and device type—along with many other factors that are evaluated in real time.
Provide invisible yet effective continuous authentication by leveraging identity analytics in real time to pinpoint when step-up authentication is needed and by allowing users to authenticate with the methods that are most convenient for them and most secure for the business.
Bridge islands of identity with a centralized, consistent approach to managing user access to all of your corporate resources for all of your users from any device located inside or outside the network. Existing RSA Authentication Manager customers can easily migrate RSA SecurID token users to advanced mobile authentication options such as push notification and allow them to use a single authenticator to access both on-premises and cloud applications on all the major mobile platforms iOS, Android and Microsoft Windows.
RSA is the best-in-class choice for a modern authentication strategy that provides the right people with the right access from anywhere on any device. Get a Quote. Overview Benefits Features Documentation. Benefits: Streamlines the costliest and most time-consuming tasks associated with managing an enterprise authentication solution through a browser-based administration console.
Offers self-service capabilities to end users, allowing them to change their PINs, request replacement tokens and troubleshoot without having to contact the IT helpdesk.
Delivers a high-availability replication infrastructure and supports up to 15 replica appliances, allowing you to scale your RSA SecurID environment as your organization grows. Integrates out-of-the-box with more than industry-leading partner solutions including VPN, firewall and web application providers. With deployment options that range from on-premises hardware appliances to virtual appliances and now cloud deployment options AWS , organizations can easily manage their RSA Authentication Manager server and also lower the total cost of ownership.
As a result, ultrasonic scanners can be more secure than capacitive scanners. The human face has many differ- ent marks, highs, and lows that differ from individual to individual, such as the distance between the eyes, width and length of the nose, the depth of the eye sockets, and the length of the cheekbone jawline, etc.
This information is used to create a faceprint. A digi- tal camera is used to scan the patterns that are present on the iris of the eyes. The camera locates different parts such as the center and the edges of the pupil, eyelids, center of the iris and eyelashes.
Then this information is converted into a code that is stored. Voice biometrics digitize the voice of an individual and produces a voiceprint or a template. Voice systems either use a spe- cific phrase or a sentence or enough voice input is provided to the computer algo- rithms, which are used to identify the voice. The voiceprint of an individual is then stored, similar to other biometric technologies. In general, biometric systems have various uses including: monitoring, law enforcement, time and attendance, logical access controls, and control of physical access.
Other appli- cations of biometric systems include [3]:. A biometric authentication system or identity verification IV system is used for authenticating users on the web, mobile, or any digital platform by using the biometric features of the individuals.
The feature characteristics used for biometric authentica- tion can be broadly classified into two classes also shown in Figure 4. These features are natural, unique and differ from one person to another. Examples include fingerprint matching, facial recognition, and iris matching. Examples include the signature, keystroke patterns, and voice of the person.
The biometric authentication ecosystem consists of a sequence of six processes. The process begins with inputting the biometric data of the individual into the system. The data is then preprocessed to find the areas of interest from which features can be extracted. Once the areas of interest are identified, the next step in the process is to implement extraction algorithms using isolated or hybrid classification techniques to extract unique and non-replicable features of the individual.
Finally, the feature matching and decision modules are implemented using deep learning techniques. The following summarizes the main bio- metric trait features:. Direct attacks are system attacks without machine knowledge. Here are the types of attacks performed on the biomet- ric systems:. Fake values are fed to the sensor. Changes in the appear- ance and facial structure of an individual are examples of biological aging, which affect the levels of accuracy.
The biometric system comes with various privacy and security issues. Before using biometric methods, it is essential to address the following problems and concerns:. These metrics are closely linked to an individual so no one else can generate the same biometrics. Example — banking applications on phones are eas- ier to access with fingerprint biometrics than with password authentication.
Aside from the general challenges listed above, there are additional disadvantages for each of the types of biometrics, as listed below.
Face biometrics. The ability to use voice recognition to enable mapping and braking systems or to navigate a vehicle is nothing new; it complements a wide variety of features that support health, fuel efficiency, and improves the driver experience in vehicles [4].
Even consumers are fed up with identity fraud and the inconveniences associated with having to continually prove their identity. Because more and more cus- tomers are finding banks that use biometric authentication, banks increasingly study biometric technologies more closely.
Biometric data, for example, might allow speedier identification of patients in emergency situations. It could also help deter medication abuse and incorrect orders, which are common problems in the health-care sector. Biometrics could also ensure the privacy of patients, allowing access to their health details only to those who have permission.
Licensed doctors may use a simple iris or fingerprint scan to check their identity. Food and beverage manufacturing plants are commonly located across several locations around the globe. Biometric technology could allow them to track access rates and permissions of employees globally.
This reduces the risk of boundary- contamination, as various rates of access can be required for different staff members, thereby limiting employees to reach some production lines.
In addition, biometric systems could help stop any unauthorized people from entering their facilities. For example, Coca-Cola uses a biometric fingerprint system to monitor the behavior of independent truck drivers who come to certain canning site. Fingerprints, however, have a high degree of incorrect acceptance and rejection. Several countries have been studying iris scans and facial recognition as more effective ways of recog- nizing passengers, including Thailand, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
With the growing prevalence of self-serve kiosks at airports, departments of government security are gradually gathering a database of eye, iris, and fingerprint scans to help identify potential terrorists or criminals [3, 5].
School professors can use a similar model to access grades and personal details for students. School protection has recently become a growing issue in the United States. Any unauthorized activity inside schools can be easily detected through facial recognition.
Academic integrity could be better pre- served using artificial intelligence methods, which can better read body language and facial characteristics. It is especially useful in colleges or standardized tests, where proctors do not automatically warn large numbers of test users of signs of cheating. Many solutions help improve biometric protection and mitigate these risks.
Figure 4. Multi-factor authentication — which blends biometrics with other authentication methods such as PIN — is a solution for several businesses. For example, some com- panies use Iris scanning technology only as part of a multi-factor authentication scheme. Biometrics could replace two-factor authentication as a smoother and faster method and free from some of the challenges of other systems.
Two detectives took him to an interrogation room and placed three pieces of paper on the table, face down. They showed him an image from a surveillance video, showing a heavyset man, dressed in black and wearing a red St. Louis Cardinals cap, standing in front of a watch display and a second image that was a close-up. The photo was blurry, but it was clearly not Mr.
He picked up the image and held it next to his face. Williams said. Williams was a victim of false positives and errors in facial rec- ognition systems that, according to the research, are not sufficiently accurate for non-white demographics. Facial recognition systems have been used by police forces for more than two decades, yet the case of Mr. Williams is certainly not an isolated incident. This example could also shed light on why Amazon, Microsoft, and IBM have announced that they would stop or pause their facial recognition offerings for law enforcement, according to the New York Times.
However, the companies offering face recognition technology to other companies are not nec- essarily Amazon or IBM for police department [6]. Consequently, billions of devices are now connected to the Internet, used for brows- ing over 1. With the increasing dominance of the virtual world over the real one in almost all spheres, safety and security is a major concern.
A firewall is one of the most important components of network security. Firewalls serve as a barrier or wall between two networks and can be implemented in software, hardware, or cloud-based applications.
Each implementation has its own advantages and disadvantages. Thus, by definition, a firewall filters traffic based on the criteria set by policies that are decided by a network administrator. Hardware firewalls are often integrated with a router that sits between a computer and a modem.
Software firewalls are applications installed on individual computers. This chapter will begin with a brief historical background, then will review fire- wall technology, explain how the technology works, advantages and disadvantages of using a firewall, and the different products which use this technology. Packet headers the portion of an Internet protocol IP packet that precedes its body and contains addressing were copied into the Random Access Memory RAM of the routers and checked against the device security policy that were based on IP.
As technology became more advanced, products started using Transport Layer Security TLS and Secure Sockets Layer SSL , which are cryptographic protocols, to provide secure communications over a computer network that was implementing a firewall [2—4]. In new technologies like Squid and Snort began the commercialization of firewall technologies. With growing enterprise networks, the inven- tion of Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 led to the discovery of next-generation firewalls.
IPv6 adjusted helps emerging cloud technologies be deployed on various types of cloud deployment features such as public cloud, private cloud, and hybrid cloud. Firewalls were even deployed on hyper-converged infrastructure, which used virtualized network platforms. Thus, the SSL protocol was implemented at the application layer, directly on top of TCP, enabling protocols above it HTTP, email, instant messaging, and many others to operate unchanged, while providing communication security when communicating across the network.
When SSL is used, a third-party observer can only infer the connection endpoints, type of encryption, as well as the frequency and an approximate amount of data sent, but cannot read or modify any of the actual data. However, they are different because each uses a different version of the protocol. Version 4 IPv4 , which makes available over four billion IP addresses. However, the huge increase in Internet users and devices worldwide means that IPv4 addresses are running out.
IPv6, the next-generation protocol, provides approximately undecillion a number equal to 1 followed by 36 zeros IP addresses, ensuring the availability of new IP addresses far into the future and promoting the continued expansion and innovation of Internet technology.
It is used VPN is a private network across a public for secure communication over a computer network and enables users to send and receive network. Applications running across a VPN may therefore benefit from the functionality, security, and management of the private network.
Encryption is common, although not an inherent, part of a VPN connection. Firewall Technologies Quality of Service QoS QoS is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony, computer network, or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of a network.
To quantitatively measure the QoS, several related aspects of the network service are often considered, such as packet loss, bit rate, throughput, transmission delay, availability, jitter, etc. A firewall is like a strong wall surrounding a city.
The wall prevents people and merchandise from getting in and out of the city after inspection. There might be multiple inspectors checking people and packages that want to get in or out — but each inspector checks the same way based on city governance policy. For example, all people must be checked for proper vaccinations; all packages are checked to ensure they do not contain drugs.
Similarly, when a firewall is set it controls the system based on the policy that IT professionals set Figure 5. The main objective of a firewall is to watch all inbound and outbound traffic and check if it matches certain predefined rules firewall policy.
If the traffic is in accor- dance with the firewall policy, it is permitted. Otherwise, it is dropped. A firewall blocks broadcast addresses, which is the key component used by every attacker.
Operating a system without enabling a firewall is like keeping the front door of a house open. A firewall prevents any malware trying to install dangerous software like a trapdoor, which may lead to malicious data collections.
A firewall controls access to a network by setting up a rule to allow or deny packets. A firewall offers protection for unauthorized access to confidential data. Firewalls can identify users according to permissions and validate them to allow or deny access. A VPN creates a secure private network tunnel for an organization, which makes the connection more secure.
Each request by a network is intercepted by the firewall and checked to confirm it is a valid request. It allows only legitimate or intended traffic from the Internet, while malicious traffic requests and data packets are blocked, thus protecting com- puter networks from hostile intrusions. This is a useful way to think of what a security firewall does. A firewall can serve as the first line of defense in the network and can be uti- lized for blocking inbound packets of specific types from reaching the protected network.
This is known as ingress filtering, and it can be used to reduce the load on high-level firewalls. The objective of firewalls is to eliminate unauthorized access to data and defend the network. Most of the transactions happen over the Internet. Attackers use malicious programs that can damage computers and other electronic devices connected to a network. Thus, the enterprise network has to be secured from intruders. Firewalls block any suspicious access from the attackers trying to gather confidential data.
A DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP The domain name system maps the address and other network configuration name people use to locate a website to the parameters to each device on a network so they IP address that a computer uses to locate a can communicate with other IP networks.
The three basic types of firewall are Figure 5. Packet-filtering is a firewall technique used to control network access by monitoring outgoing and incoming packets and allowing them to pass or not, based on the source and destination IP addresses, protocols, and ports.
Each data packet is compared with a predefined set of filter boundaries and regu- lations and the packet is either allowed, denied, or dropped. Packet filters generally allow or deny network traffic data packets based on the following:.
All leading routers used to allow the ability to configure IP datagram filters. Packet- filtering is also supported by Unix operating systems, and the support for using their IP chains is, by default, included in the Linux kernel key components of the operat- ing system.
These firewalls allow traffic that matches a preexist- ing entry in the dynamic state table for all existing connections and for open new connections. The firewall ruleset is referred to for deciphering whether to accept or deny entry. This enables the internal hosts to initiate connections to external hosts by means of an arbitrary port number.
On the other hand, those external connections which have not been initiated by internal hosts, or the ones which do not match the allowed rules in the ruleset, are filtered out.
Stateful firewalls are an advanced and modern extension of stateless packet- filtering firewalls. Additionally, they also keep track of the state of the network. Due to this advantage, stateful firewalls possess one of the most powerful security tools that pro- tect their network connections: that a new connection will need to introduce itself to the firewall, before being permitted into the list of established connections.
These are the standard ports used for servers all over the Internet. Thus, this firewall setting could be considered to only give inside hosts located behind the firewall the ability to start a connection to the external world.
Every application proxy sits between the internal network and the outside world. Instead of creating a direct communication link with the outside world, packets travel between the external world and the proxy. Application proxy firewalls give a high level of security and logging capabilities.
An application proxy resides in between the secure network and the network from which additional security is required. The application intercepts each request to the destination; it then starts its own request and the destination server replies to this application proxy request by considering it to be the destination host.
In this way, the source and the destination host never communicate directly, making it much more secure. This indirect communication link generation also allows the addition of security checks and protocols; however, that will be at the cost of the throughput. Furthermore, the methodology allows the verification of a complete data packet, including its application part, and thus, can be considered as one of the most secure types of firewalls.
Lastly, it provides additional functions like content caching. They are attached as external hardware or software. Their necessity depends on the exact needs of a network and the extent to which the firewall is required.
The place where a firewall is attached becomes where each and everything is monitored and filtered accordingly. Rules make the network secure by forwarding authorized packets and blocking unauthorized packets.
This filtering of packets makes firewalls secure. Therefore, they can track down previous transitions of the packet and find a pattern that can be malicious.
Therefore, it may be neces- sary to reconfigure firewalls. With an increase in online users, privacy is at stake, and security becomes much more important. Firewalls are con- sidered to be one of the security measures that can help in preventing identity theft and privacy disclosure.
Firewalls give us the security we need by filtering the authenticated data from an unauthenticated one. The three main types of firewalls discussed in this chapter were packet-filtering stateless , stateful filtering, and application proxy firewalls. This chap- ter reviewed how firewall technologies work and how they protect internal networks. Firewalls are crucial for the protection of an internal network from specific kinds of malicious data packets.
Advanced firewalls also provide the capability to protect a network from unauthorized remote access and by creating a security layer between the secure network and the outside world. Figure 5. The incident impacted California, Utah, and Wyoming, but it did not result in any power outages. The failure seemed to be related to firewall security updates and the lack of a proper firmware review process to vet security updates before being deployed [6—8].
Since then, thousands of new computer viruses have appeared. According to CNN, nearly 1 million new malware threats are released every day [1]. Antivirus software for computers, also known as anti-malware software, is used to prevent, detect, and remove malicious software.
This software helps a user quar- antine the infected file. Antivirus software has evolved over the years. It provides users with protection from modern digital threats like ransomware, keyloggers, root- kits, trojan horses, phishing attacks, and botnet DDoS attacks. Malware itself is also evolving every day.
In recent years, the proliferation of malware has posed a serious threat to computer systems worldwide. New, sophisticated and more complex viruses are posing major problems to traditional static virus detection techniques. Viruses have better and ever-increasing opportunities to spread with the increase in intercon- nectivity and interoperability in computer systems.
After a brief historical background, this chapter will review virus detection technol- ogy, explain how the technology works, advantages and disadvantages of the different virus detection technologies, and the different products that use the technologies. The Reaper was a virus itself and was actually designed to spread and find the creeper, and delete it.
In days before the Internet, viruses spread mostly through floppy disks. During this time, virus detection and elimination programs and systems started becoming developed and were famously known as Antivirus software. With the growth of the Internet, viruses began to spread online.
G Data software introduced the first commercial antivirus product for the Atari ST home computers. The Ultimate Virus Killer soon became the most common industry standard for Atari systems. In , Symantec released the Norton Antivirus. F-Secure from Finland is considered to be among the first antivirus programs that became famous on the Internet. The first open-source virus detection and elimination project was founded in and called the OpenAntivirus Project.
ClamAV was the first open-source anti- virus application. As more viruses got introduced, they became more sophisticated and difficult to detect. It became necessary for virus detection systems to employ different strate- gies and detection algorithms.
They also had to accommodate checking an increased variety of files. The first cloud-based antivirus was proposed after noticing that most users were consistently connected to the Internet. The traditional signature-based virus detection techniques are considered inef- fective today. Thus, the antivirus industry has seen a paradigm shift and a move to adopt signature-less methods for detecting viruses.
If a vaccine exists for the type of infection going around, people may be required to vaccinate before entering the city. Otherwise, they may be required to quarantine until the risk of viral infection has passed.
Virus detection applications automatically do this for computer viruses Figure 6. The ones that match the virus signatures are flagged as viruses or infected files or programs and are blacklisted or quarantined. The ones that have been finally identified as good files are added to a whitelist people or things considered to be acceptable or trustworthy. Virus detection technologies provide various features depending upon the type of Operating System i.
Below is a summary of virus scan types:. The type of antivirus software will define whether it will provide all or some of the above features. BMDT evaluates an object based on its intended actions before it can execute that behavior. When an antivirus software scans a system for any new viruses, it compares the files to known malware. It uses three types of detection methods:.
The virus is detected by finding the strange behaviors of a system. In this type of detection, the antivirus software looks for the variants assigned to these families.
With the prolific advancement in viruses, traditional and static scanning technolo- gies are facing tremendous limitations in scanning for polymorphic viruses file infectors that can create modified versions of themselves to avoid detection.
Static scanning involves static analysis of a virus and then finding the signature using the strings in the virus. Whenever the antivirus is scanning the new file, it first searches for the virus signature in its virus signature database. Recently, machine learning methods have been used to detect unknown viruses.
Some companies are working on the development of detection methods based on neural networks. This method requires less prior knowledge and less training time as compared to other methods. Figure 8. There are a number of techniques for virus detection that are more often used together than in isolation [4]. It runs these programs in a virtual environment in isola- tion from other applications so that the platform, system, or applications are not affected, and it further logs their actions.
Depending on the logs, it determines if the program is infected or not. This is a useful technique but is very resource- consuming and hence rarely used. Virus Detection When the antivirus system is trained, it learns to identify the infected ones. In this method, a file identified as a virus is analyzed, and once confirmed, its signature is generated from the file.
A database of signatures is maintained, and during scanning for viruses in a system, files are looked up to match with a signature of that of a software. Signature-based detection is becoming increasingly ineffective, as viruses today are metamorphic, which encrypt different parts of themselves in order to disguise and not match virus signatures. Generally, viruses are derived from a previous virus after modifying them. Hence most viruses match mainly with a generic signature.
It is quicker to detect the virus family than the exact virus, which is sufficient enough to detect and eliminate it. Real-time protection constantly monitors systems and aims to protect from viruses and other malware. It monitors for suspicious activities such as connections to the Internet, connecting with external devices such as USB, CD, or Bluetooth.
Real-time protec- tion also monitors newly downloaded programs. Smartphones, mobile devices, and various handsets are used today. These technologies, along with behavioral-based analysis, help in detecting a virus.
Signature-based detection is most commonly adopted by the corporate sector. Hardware appliances are adopting this technology frequently in offices rather than in personal households. Integration of this signature-based detection, firewall, and specialized IT skills ensure a well-secured system for any corporation. Industries which require work to be done as fast as possible and want to remove the window of vulnerability most often use heuristic detection.
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